The Sensible Nature of Bilbo and Hobbits - 1382 Words

One of the recurring themes throughout The Hobbit is Tolkien’s manifestation of morality through his inherently good and evil characters. Although, some characters narrowly balance the line of good and evil through portraying characteristics such as greed, the hobbits represent naturally altruistic and peaceful characters. The protagonist Bilbo’s rational nature and willingness to compromise through his selfless transfer of the Arkenstone to Bard and the Elvenking further highlights Tolkien’s portrayal of a simple and sensible twentieth century Englishmen in a fantastical setting. Even though he risks his promised sum of the treasures, Bilbo chooses to work as a peacekeeper to opt for a more sensible way of solving a problem. Therefore,†¦show more content†¦In addition to agreeing with Bard on Thorin’s relentlessness, he provides valuable insight on the near future. Bard and the Elvenking are unaware of Dain and the dwarves of the Iron Hills who w ill arrive shortly. He tells them an estimate of how at least â€Å"five hundred grim dwarves† (293) may arrive shortly, and may cause â€Å"serious trouble† (293) for all parties involved. Bilbo’s warning is an attempt to allow the others to see how the situation remains severe, making sure to use specific words such as â€Å"grim†, â€Å"dreadful†, and â€Å"serious† to ensure the others do not take the situation lightly. Bard and the Elvenking know Thorin does not have a large amount of men camped out in the Lonely Mountain, and do not see any long-term issues with remaining in their current camp. Through being specific about exactly who and how many dwarves may arrive to aid Thorin, Bilbo serves as a forthcoming agent responsible for potential peace between all those deserving of treasure. The Elvenking and Bard remain hesitant and defensive about Bilbo’s intentions when he informs them of the upcoming potential battle. The Elvenking views the information as less relevant, questioning how the information pertains to him and Bard. Bard follows suit and remains hesitant about Bilbo’s intentions going as far as to question, â€Å"are you betraying your friends, or are

Female Domestic Violence And Violence Against Women With...

Female Domestic Violence in the context of religious themes within the writings of Pamela Cooper-White, can be seen through the analyzation of violence against women with relationality and power. Cooper gives the example of a story of Tamar who yearns to have an I and thou relationship instead of an I and it relationship where a female is just an object to be used. In Cooper’s writings Martin Bruber takes this objectivity to help understand the relation of abuser and abused. Also, Bruber commenting on a context of desensitization of females from the perspective of military and media compounds the problem with violence against women. Cooper relates this need for acknowledgement of female person through scripture, Luke 6:31, â€Å"Do to†¦show more content†¦Instead, God needs to be less about male power and instead that of a loving God that suffers with and defends the broken and oppressed. Women are also being depicted as the bearer of sin and temptation in a Christian spiritual context from Adam and Eve. Women’s struggles also have come from distraught feelings and thoughts on scriptures about â€Å"turning the other cheek† and forgiveness as well as divorce as a sin and insolubility of Christian marriage. The realization is that through the abuse, the marriage covenant of respect and honor are already broken. Leaving an abusive situation then is not the breaking of any vow or covenant. Forgiveness is not of just an apology, but rather of a true repentance of the violent acts, which through a process of changing the violent ways is needed and not just a verbal apology. The problem women face with violence is derived from a male impression of who and what God is, male. The pastoral care then needs to address this long history of control and power of the male God and human male. To look at God as not a controlling male, but rather as a loving caring God who wants joy for all of God’s human creation. The initial action for a woman who has been abused and is in crisis is to listen to her. Finding out if she is safe. If she is suicidal to let her speak and find out if she has a detailed plan. If needed, to call the authorities. If not, to have a discussion of her choice and to discuss her situation.

Rosa Parks Research Essay Example For Students

Rosa Parks Research Essay One of the greatest recent events on American society as we know it was the Bus incident with Rosa Parks. This caused the beginning of the new age of thinking. It condemned our wrongdoings of discrimination in this nation. Rosa Parks could be considered a martyr. Although she broke the law, it was for a good cause. She stood up for the rights of African Americans by not giving up her seat on the bus for a white person which was illegal. Also, she drew attention to the subject which initiated a linked chain of events that fought back against the racist laws. Not only this, but she had such courage to be the first that it empowered others to think for themselves about the racist system and act out in some cases. This was because they saw how courageous she was and it set a precedent for action. The Bus incident was one of the highlights in American history because of how much impact it had. Most African Americans wouldnt have even thought of doing such a thing. She however, took that initiative and stood up for her beliefs even if it meant being arrested. It didnt stop there. This event started a major boycott of the bus system which was a rather large chunk of money for the company. In turn, it fueled a new age of thinking for both African Americans and white people. Rosa Parks bravery was inspirational on many levels. It may have not been the largest battle of the war on racism but it was the first shot fired. Therefore, it is just as impactful as any other struggle. The common thinking today is completely different which is partially if not more due to the efforts of Rosa Parks actions which lit the fuse. I think it is rather important to examine why things are the way they are in present day. It had to start somewhere and we need to trace the roots.

Blindness Is Not Inability Samples for Students †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Blindness Is Not Inability. Answer: Identification and analysis of the social marketing issue There are various benefits of employing people with vision impaired into the organization. In a recent research by Augustus and Library of Congress (2015), there has been realized a 91% of the untapped workforce, who want to be employed. Thus, Vision Australia is launching a Blindness, not inability campaign. Many blind people are willing to work hard and be loyal to their job. In addition, there are more likely not employed elsewhere. This campaign focuses on eliminating the expected norm by employers that blind people cannot do a good job in the organization because of their movement safety and the fact that they cannot access computers or be able to respond to emails promptly. Well, this is not true, and the campaign hopes to create a clear picture of how effective the vision-impaired people can be in the organization. The campaign is aimed at further shedding light on the issue of discriminating visually impaired people in hiring in organizations. Recruiters in an organization should be able to view the visually impaired people as productive as any other person and give them the chance to showcase their skills. Social cognitive theory for the application of blindness is not inability campaign This campaign is based on social cognitive theory, where the visually impaired individuals will set their goals in the organisation and work towards achieving them despite their condition (Davidson and Kanopy, 2016). Visually impaired individuals can be very productive in their job, so long as they have their objectives and goals to focus on. According to this theory, the campaign seeks to portray that, even while blind, an employee can harness their skills and be fit to achieve the organizations goals. Employers should learn that blindness is not inability in any way. This theory is crucial in the campaign because it helps to avoid making many errors in carrying it out. This theory should be able to demonstrate a link between exposure to the campaign message to the employers and the rapid change being influenced by this campaign to them (Klapdor, 2013). Theories in this campaign are meant to carry out evaluations on the campaigns, both in the effects and any wrong outcomes associated with the campaign. Development of the social marketing planning process This campaign targets on a large organization. Vision Australia seeks tho carry out this campaign by benefit positioning. This will help in creating job vacancies for the blind in a big organization. This includes changing the already existing perception that visually impaired people are not fit to work in organizations. The campaign calls for employers to offer visually impaired people a chance so that they can be able to enjoy the financial freedom like the rest of the people. This untapped workforce could bring positive changes to the organization at large. This campaign seeks to have a change of attitude in the organization on offering the visually impaired people with a job. Large organizations are the principal target in this campaign because many of the large organizations have limited workforce that has any disability. They tend to have a belief that people with disability will not be as productive like the rest of the workforce. However, there are three positive things about people with disabilities (Klapdor, 2013). First, people with disability are less likely to be absent from work nor take sick leaves. Secondly, individuals with visual impairment are likely to be loyal to their employers thus there is less turnover. Lastly, individuals with a disability tend to be flexible and are good problem solvers, due to the challenges they have faced in life. With the above, individuals with a disability can be as productive as the rest o the workforce in the organization. In marketing, this campaign, Vision Australia considers the four Ps ofmarketing (Bowen and Ozuem, 2016). Product The campaign seeks to change the existing attitudes in organizations that visually impaired people will not perform. It focuses on creating awareness that visually impaired people are as productive as the rest of the workforce in an organization. Price In the marketing process, the price of carrying this campaign has been set aside to impact on the marketing strategy and the outcomes. Promotion This campaign will be disseminated to the organizations through, advertising, social media marketing, video marketing, email marketing and search engine marketing to reach many organizations. Place This campaign is mainly going to be carried online, to reach as many potential clients as possible. Analysis of the social marketing environment upstream/downstream and policy issues The upstream issues in this campaign are to visit the large organizations to know how they perceive the issue of having the visually impaired people as part of the workforce. In addition, research on how other larger organization offer opportunities to visually impaired individuals. The downstream issues in the campaign are to use the downstream market to test on the ads and promotions before the actual campaign begins. Implementation of the social marketing campaign The campaign will be implemented through media outlets. This includes T.V, print media and social media outlets. Through this platform, the organization hopes that the campaign will reach the right audiences at the right time. Vision Australia will launch this campaign, through the media presence in order to create awareness and to start the campaign on a good note. Through the social media marketing, the keyword is the main objective to look on when carrying out the campaign to reach a larger audience. The social media strategies include using the outbound engine and mix panel in marketing, tracking on the visitors behaviour on the campaigns site and posts, use of landing pages, and repurposing the old content each time to look new and unique (Kim, 2016). Evaluation The progress of this campaign will be closely monitored through feedback from the social media and blog platforms, where employers who have signed up for the campaign will provide their insights on the blindness is not inability campaign. In addition, monitoring of this platform will be necessitated, by collecting the information that will be provided by employers who have signed up for this campaign, on the number of visually impaired people that have been incorporated in their organizations since the beginning of the campaign (Griffith London Metropolitan University, 2013). Lastly, the campaign will also be closely monitored through the search engine rankings. References Augustus, P., Library of Congress, (2015).Employment of people with disabilities: A resource guide. Bowen, G., Ozuem, W. (2016).Competitive social media marketing strategies. Hershey, PA: Business Science Reference. Davidson, F., Kanopy (Firm). (2016).Bandura's Social Cognitive Theory: An Introduction. Griffith, D., London Metropolitan University, (2013).Blind justice?: An investigation into the social and economic effectiveness of discrimination law in the delivery of fair employment for visually impaired people. London: London Metropolitan University. Kim, C. M. (2016).Social media campaigns: Strategies for public relations and marketing. New York, NY: Routledge. Klapdor, S. (2013).Effectiveness of online marketing campaigns: An investigation into online multichannel and search engine advertising. Wiesbaden: Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden.

“The World is Flat” Essay Example

â€Å"The World is Flat† Paper Name: Course: Instructor: Date: We will write a custom essay sample on â€Å"The World is Flat† specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on â€Å"The World is Flat† specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on â€Å"The World is Flat† specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Book report on â€Å"The World is Flat† 1. The World Is Flat: A Brief History of the Twenty-First Century by Thomas Friedman is an elaborate work, which provides the effects of globalization in the 21 century. The term â€Å"the world is flat† is used metaphorically and is used to indicate the dire need for level playing ground for global commerce and business. A level playing ground for commerce is essential in that it provides the competitors with similar market conditions for growth of commerce. Additionally, the term â€Å"the world is flat† is an indication of the increasing irrelevance of geographic and social boundaries in the world (Friedman, pp. 41). Hence, organizations in the contemporary business setting are increasing their competitiveness and profitability using aspects such a technology and globalization to enhance their cause in achievement of global competitiveness. The author provides that he as an advocate for liberalization of markets to result in global free trade. He also provides criticism to states around the world resisting the changes in terms of global commerce and business. The book is based on individual research, individual reflections and conversations with the public. Friedman provides that there are ten flatteners of the world which aid in making the business and commerce fair for all organizations in the world. The first flattener is collapse of The Berlin Wall in September 11 1989. The author describes in the book that, â€Å"When the walls came down, and the windows came up.† (Friedman, pp. 45). It symbolized the end of the cold war and gave way for people from either sides of the wall to engage in rebuilding the society and economies as well as engage in constructive commerce. In essence the fall of the Berlin war was an indication of the end of communism and paved way for technological changes such the increased use of personal computers for interactions and use in commerce. Technological advancements peaked during this period resulting in the introduction of new products such as Windows, personal computers, word processing, dial up modems and standards tools for communication such as global telephone communication system. Such have e nhanced globalization through improved channels for communication. The entry of Netscape into the field of technology was a main flattener in that the firm instigated the access of the internet to a larger part of the population. Netscape enhanced access to the internet from the previous restrictions, which only provided limited numbers of people with access to the internet. This is essential in that it played a significant role in the process of digitization. Products such as music, files, pictures and word documents could be easily accessed from the internet and manipulated by people in the various parts of the world. Hence, the internet has enabled interactions from a global perspective thus increasing commerce from a global perspective. The development of Netscape and its entry into the digital market provided a precedent in terms of digital and other technological advancements around the world. It resulted in the development of the fourth flattener, which is workflow software. This is defined in the book as the interactions of machines without the involvement of human beings. This according to Friedman would provide the world with a new means of interaction through the creation of a new platform for collaboration. In addition, this would also lead to the fourth flattener, which is open sourcing. This is made possible by the presence of an elaborate platform for collaboration of the various online projects. Such include the present online platforms such as Wikipedia, online softwares and blogs. This according to Friedman is, â€Å"the most disruptive force of them all† (Friedman, pp. 53). The fifth flattener is outsourcing which allowed modern day companies to delegate or split activities such as services and manufacturing. This is essential for companies in that they are able to achieve efficiency and costs effectiveness of costs reductions using such approaches. The sixth flattener according to Friedman is offshoring, which the author defines as the ability of organizations to take advantages of incentives provided by other countries necessitating the relocation as a means for cost reduction. Entry of countries into the World Trade Organisation (WTO) has facilitated increased competition in an increasingly competitive world. This is because of the need by such countries to encourage trade in their respective territories with incentives such as lower taxes and operating costs. In addition, offshoring as provided in the book has allowed for the seventh flattener, which is described as supply chaining by Friedman. Supply chaining has increased because of offshoring and collaboration. Supply chaining is widely used by multinational entities in that they focus on diversity of markets to increase profitability and reduce the potency for risks. He points out that successful companies such as Wal-Mart provides an elaborate example for attainment of competitive advantage through diversification, clear lines of supply and distribution of products and services to the customers. The eighth flattener is in-sourcing which entails the execution of services on behalf of other organizations. This enables other entities to reduce their costs of operation as well as increasing the revenues of the entity executing the services for another organisation. The ninth flattener is in-forming, which is the increased ability of the society or people to find information with ease, which is aided and provided by the internet through the various search engines. The last flattener is what Friedman defines as â€Å"the Steroids† which comprises of the modern digital products such as cellular telephones, Personal Digital Assistants., Instant Messengers, iPods and voice Over Internet Protocols. From the ten identified flatteners, it is expressly evident technology has been a major driver towards the achievement of globalization and realization of â€Å"flattening† in Friedman’s words. 2. The â€Å"flattening† of the world has been an inevitable phenomenon in the modern society (Friedman, pp. 61). This is because of the technological advancements evidenced in the modern society through the presence numerous changes in the social interactions as well as in the world of commerce. In addition, it is also evident that commerce and technology have become mutually reliant on each other for relevance. Electronic commerce is evidently increasing in that it has assumed a great position in the society by enabling the society to achieve globalization. Electronic commerce is defined as the sale and procurement of goods and services using information technology systems. Literature provides that there are three specific waves of electronic commerce. This include putting up market information on the world wide web, allowing online orders in terms of sales and purchases and construction of electronic means of exchanges for funds and provision of means for receipt of goods and services. Essentially technology and the related advancements are currently the largest used channels of communication. This is because of the numerous avenues for communication by the internet. This has been a driver of growth in that it has enabled business around the world to assume global expansion strategies as well as accrual of benefits such increased efficiencies and reduced costs of operation. Modern day technology in comparison to traditional technology used in business is different in entirety. This is evidenced by the large-scale application of technology-based products in the execution of tasks in the contemporary organisation. Technology advancements have aided the development of new products, services and new approaches to satisfy the consumer needs and wants as well as providing consumers with profound experiences thus subsequently cultivating customer loyalty. Technology and the internet are the highlights of modern day advancements. They enable simultaneous execution of numerous tasks delegated in an organisation. Hence, an organisation is able to use technology and related products for costs reductions in processes and activities in the organisation. Cost reduction is considered as one of the greatest challenges in the management of an organisation. This is because costs are usually brought about by either necessary or unnecessary processes or activities in the organisation. Technology has been a driver in terms of organizational practices assumed by contemporary organizations (Friedman, pp. 63). Innovation and creativity are also strong points for any organization. This enables an organisation to achieve competitive advantage brought about by new products, services and new approaches in terms of execution of tasks in the organisation. Hence, majority of corporations around the world, if not all corporations around the world, have undertaken the incorporation of electronic commerce as a means of diversifying the market access. The internet provides both individuals and corporations and the society with numerous economic opportunities in an era marked with declining employment and revenue opportunities for individuals and corporations respectively. It provides for intermediation and disintermediation, frictionless commerce and trade, competitive pricing strategies assumed by an organisation and personalized sales and marketing for the consumers. Disintermediation and intermediation arise from need to decrease and increase the value chain especially in respect to the sale or market for soft goods. Disintermediation allows for the reduction of the value chain in specific instances such as the sale of soft goods such as music and files. Majority of this genre of products are sold via the internet. This is good for an economy in that it ensure the reduction in prices of commodities and resulting in subsequent increase in demand of the commodities. It essentially reduces the costs for the producers and the customers. Customer costs are reduced by their ability access goods and services form the comfort of their homes and offices. In addition, it reduces the costs of operation for the producers in that the line of distribution is shortened which also includes the reduction of possible intermediaries who increase costs of services and goods (Friedman, pp. 60). The time for access of goods and services is reduced because of the elimination of intermediaries such as retailers and wholesalers. This is because the producer is involved in direct contact with the consumers. Direct channels of communication are paramount in such relationships between the consumer and the producer in that they provide the consumers with an avenue to air their complaints in terms of the ability of the products or services to provide satisfaction of needs and wants. On the other hand, re-intermediation is brought about in that; the connection with intermediaries such as brokers, wholesalers and retailers provides an organisation with access to a specific market segment. This is essential in that organizations are able to increase their diversity in terms of access o new markets and consumer segments. This provides organizations with the much-needed avenues for improving service delivery to the consumers in the market (Friedman, pp. 69). Commercial opportunities in the internet are available to both organizations and individuals seeking to start enterprises. Frictionless commerce is usually attractive for both the customer and the organisation. This is because it provides mediums, which ensure minimal contact between the customer and the seller. Organizations could use the internet by using approaches, which would ensure that they are able to increase their profitability and levels of competitiveness. Increasing skills and knowledge as it relates to functions in an organisation with respect to technological advancements is paramount in contemporary organizations. Organizations could ensure that they have access to highly qualified individuals with employee programs such as training and development of employees in preparation for the technological changes, which have been gradually changing market conditions and commerce in general. Traditional commerce has been embedded in friction, which arises from issues such as costs of finding partners, costs of gathering information about products and consumers and the costs of establishing customer trust and loyalty. For achievement of frictionless commerce, there is paramount need for individuals in business as well as corporations to ensure they have adequate and perfect information about consumer needs, wants and their respective markets of operation. Organizations could ensure that they have adequate information about the pricing strategies and trends used in a given market. This allows for preparations by an organisation with the aim of ensuring that they maximize their revenues. Pricing strategies should be made with respect tom the demand and supply of goods and services issued by an organisation in its respective market of operation. Miscalculations about pricing of services and goods in a market would be a costly mistake for an organisation (Friedman, pp. 77). Organizations and business people could also take advantage of the technological advancements and ensure their survival using personalized marketing approaches provided by an organisation. Personalized marketing is essential in the contemporary business settings as it provides the organisation with an avenue of attracting potentially loyal consumers of its products and services. Customer trust and loyalty is usually based on the satisfaction of the consumer needs and wants and the provision of the customer with a profound customer experience. Hence, an organisation should be able to invest in marketing approaches, which ensure attraction of new customers. In addition, this could be enhanced by research and development of new products and services in the market. Research and development is paramount for organizations, which aim at achievement of their strategic goals and objectives. Research and development could entail research on new products, strategies, and markets’ viability. This provides the organisation with the much-needed precise information about issues, which relate to the achievement of its strategic goals and objectives. Organizational functions are usually driven by the need to increase profitability through understanding the consumer needs and wants. Understanding the consumer needs and wants is essential in that it provides the organisation with information such as the current and future consumer trends. Such information provides the organisation with information, which could be used in planning and budgeting to ensure the satisfaction of the consumer needs and wants (Friedman, pp. 89). Conclusively customer focus could be achieved with use of technology systems. An organisation usually exists because of the presence of customer who are purchasers of the organization’s services and products. Additionally, organizations could ensure their presence in the internet and provide for electronic payments and the subsequent deliveries of products. such usually provides security to the consumer that he or she is able to get additional value for the services and products purchased from an organisation. Special focus on consumer needs and wants ensures that an organisation has perfect information about the consumer needs, wants and preferences; resulting in the development of goods and services which are sufficient for the consumers in their efforts of satisfaction of their needs and wants.

TO CLONE OR NOT TO CLONE- A RESPONSE TO JONATHAN COLVIN essays

TO CLONE OR NOT TO CLONE- A RESPONSE TO JONATHAN COLVIN essays I have often wondered what I would be like if certain things in my checkered past had not occurred. What would I be like if I had been brought up in a stable environment or had gone to a different school, or not walked out the door on a specific day? What ifs of life that if we actually sat and thought about them all would drive us insane. This is the reason why human cloning interests me so greatly. The ability to clone gives rise to the creation of a rather diabolical plan- to create a copy of yourself and plot its life course so that everything you wished had happened to you would happen to it and see what kind of person you'd be, or wouldn't be. Would such a plan even be possible to carry out? Animal cloning has produced some remarkable results within the last few years, which has suggested to some that there should be a way to produce a human clone within the next year. Many news articles have appeared recently highlighting the potential to clone a human baby in order to replace a loved one who died. In Me, my clone, and I- or in defense of human cloning published by American Humanist Association, Jonathan Colvin states that many of the attitudes concerning human cloning are reminiscent of the arguments against in vitro fertilization in the 1960s when accusations of playing God and interfering with nature were common. First, Colvin expresses his opinion on the issue by stating the result of his own impromptu survey of friends and strangers. Then the author argues that clones are found in nature, in the form of identical twins, and that there is nothing wrong to make the deliberate ones. He believes that human cloning does not go against nature or God creation because clo ned people are unique and have their own personalities. Furthermore, says Colvin, human biological evolution has become meaningless compared to cultural evolution . Next, he talks about his dream to clone himself because he has cystic fibr...

Construction Cost Control & Management Coursework

Construction Cost Control & Management - Coursework Example Activity Duration in days Earliest start time Latest start time Total float AB 5 0 0 0 BC 5 5 6 1 CD 7 11 11 0 CE 5 11 11 0 DF 4 18 18 0 FG 5 22 22 0 FH 5 22 22 0 FI 4 20 22 2 FJ 7 22 22 0 JK 11 29 29 0 KL 6 40 40 0 KM 8 40 40 0 MN 5 48 48 0 LO 7 46 46 0 OP 6 53 53 0 PQ 3 59 59 0 2 (a) How the Contract Sum can be adjusted in accordance with the JCT form of contract JCT means Joint Contracts Tribunal, the bylaw applied to contractors and architects in fulfillment of contract conditions. According to Article 2 of the JCT contract forms, the contractor is given an option of adjusting the contract sum as per the agreement in the contract form. The sum of money in the form is exclusive of VAT, meaning that, the payment of VAT can be added to the sum if necessary. The extent to which it affects the contractor depends on his or her ability to reclaim the VAT money. According to Clause 5.2, the contractor can reclaim the contract sum in regard to work and labor involved in the contract (Neil , Baylis, 1999). The fact that the economy does not remain constant might bring a lot of complications in the contract. Changes in the value of currency and inflation are unpredictable and, therefore; one side of the parties involved might end up losing while the other one gains substantially. It is due to this reasons that certain formulas are provided to calculate the fluctuations. Although the contracts are based on fixed prices, adjustments are done in regard to changes in levies, taxes and duties imposed to the contract materials, tools, equipments and machineries. However, careful drafting and contract sum analysis must be done to facilitate effective amendment and adjustments when the... In conclusion of the research, the PERT chart has been critically used to schedule, organize, and coordinate the tasks in this project. It has effectively ascertained the expected time of the project for effective planning and accountability of time and estimation of resources and cost. From the analysis, the pessimistic, normal and optimistic time were estimated. This was critical in showing the various activities keeping in mind their dependence to each other and particular independence. From the analysis with help of the PERT diagram, the critical path procedure shows that the estimated longest time to complete the project will be 63 days. The NPV of projects X and Y were found to be 20.60 and 1041.90 respectively. The excavator used during the project should not be more than 5 years old, this for efficiency purposes and minimization of loss. With respect financial analysis, the tender documents of the contracting organization ought not to be complicated. The standard nature of th e documents will ascertain the value of the credit and cash flow of the contract period. The currency of operation is also critical in the sense conversion rate; therefore if contractor and employer are working on different currencies, risk measures should be taken into account prior to tendering and signing of contract. Consequently, issues prompting increment of project value have been discussed and shown clearly how the contractor can claim for additional cash. This is imperative for loss minimization in the process of project implementation.